A study on how LLMs (e.g. GPT-4, chatbots) are being integrated to support tutoring, essay feedback and content generation

Authors

  • Nhu Tam Mai
  • Wenyang Cao
  • Qianyi Fang

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.54097/6r6yhn67

Keywords:

Large Language Models, Education technology, AI tutoring, Artificial intelligence, AI in education

Abstract

The adoption of Large Language Models (LLMs) and, specifically, GPT-,4 has rapidly altered the educational landscape and changed the concept of pedagogy and interaction with learners. This paper explores the role of LLMs in learning institutions to supplement tutoring, essay feedback, and content creation. Based on recent empirical studies and theories, it assesses the potential of LLMs in pedagogy and its potential consequences in higher and secondary education. Through a combination of multiple dimensions, such as adaptive tutoring, personalized feedback, and generative lesson design, the paper clarifies the opportunities and challenges of implementing the use of LLMs in teaching practice. It has been proved by empirical results that GPT-4-based systems can significantly increase student engagement, writing, and conceptual understanding when used in a responsible manner. However, such issues as data privacy, overreliance, and the risk of academic dishonesty are discussed in the course of the study. It concludes in the end with the conclusion that to successfully use LLMs, a balanced approach, which integrates human judgment and algorithmic intelligence, is necessary to develop equitable and future-oriented learning settings.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

[1] Vanzo, A., Chowdhury, S. P., & Sachan, M. (2024). GPT-4 as a homework tutor can improve student engagement and learning outcomes. arXiv preprint arXiv:2409.15981.

[2] Liu, S., Guo, X., Hu, X., & Zhao, X. (2024). Advancing generative intelligent tutoring systems with GPT-4: design, evaluation, and a modular framework for future learning platforms. Electronics, 13(24), 4876.

[3] Caelen, O., & Blete, M. A. (2024). Developing Apps with GPT-4 and ChatGPT: Build Intelligent Chatbots, Content Generators, and More. " O'Reilly Media, Inc.".

[4] Lievens, J. (2024). An exploratory assessment of the usability and potential of generative pretrained transformers (GPTs) as feedback assistants for long-format academic writing tasks. INTED proceedings, 18, 1280-1286.

[5] Yigci, D., Eryilmaz, M., Yetisen, A. K., Tasoglu, S., & Ozcan, A. (2025). Large language model‐based chatbots in higher education. Advanced Intelligent Systems, 7(3), 2400429.

[6] Elnaffar, S., Rashidi, F., & Abualkishik, A. Z. (2025). Teaching with AI: A Systematic Review of Chatbots, Generative Tools, and Tutoring Systems in Programming Education. arXiv preprint arXiv:2510.03884.

[7] Sung, M. C., & Kang, S. (2025). GPT API-based chatbots as adaptive and facilitative tutors for L2 English process writing. 영어학, 25, 448-471.

[8] Mzwri, K., & Turcsányi-Szabo, M. (2025). Bridging LMS and Generative AI: Dynamic Course Content Integration (DCCI) for Connecting LLMs to Course Content--The Ask ME Assistant. arXiv preprint arXiv:2504.03966.

[9] Misanchuk, M., & Hyzyk, J. (2024). ChatGPT in STEM teaching: An introduction to using LLM-based tools in higher ed.

[10] Hadi, M. U., Al-Tashi, Q., Qureshi, R., Shah, A., Muneer, A., Irfan, M., ... & Shah12, M. (2024). LLMs: A Comprehensive Survey of Applications, Challenges, Datasets, Models, Limitations, and Future Prospects.

[11] Beale, R. (2025). The Revolution Has Arrived: What the Current State of Large Language Models in Education Implies for the Future. arXiv preprint arXiv:2507.02180.

[12] Wang, S., Xu, T., Li, H., Zhang, C., Liang, J., Tang, J., ... & Wen, Q. (2024). Large language models for education: A survey and outlook. arXiv preprint arXiv:2403.18105.

[13] Guo, K., & Li, D. (2024). Understanding EFL students’ use of self-made AI chatbots as personalized writing assistance tools: A mixed methods study. System, 124, 103362.

[14] Krumsvik, R. J. (2025, March). GPT-4’s capabilities in handling essay-based exams in Norwegian: an intrinsic case study from the early phase of intervention. In Frontiers in Education (Vol. 10, p. 1444544). Frontiers Media SA.

[15] Gebre Hiwot, T., & Namuduri, S. (2024). The impact of a LargeLanguage Model (LLM): A qualitative study on how students and educatorsperceive the use of LLMs such as ChatGPT withinconventional university education dynamics.

[16] Xu, H., Gan, W., Qi, Z., Wu, J., & Yu, P. S. (2024). Large language models for education: A survey. arXiv preprint arXiv:2405.13001.

[17] Sharma, S., Mittal, P., Kumar, M., & Bhardwaj, V. (2025). The role of large language models in personalized learning: a systematic review of educational impact. Discover Sustainability, 6(1), 1-24.

[18] Morosanu, G. A., Rata, L. A., & Geru, M. (2023). Outcomes of Large Language Models and Artificial Intelligence in Education. Didactica Danubiensis, 3(1), 30-52.

[19] Runceanu, A., Balan, A., Gavanescu, L., Neagu, M. M., Cojocaru, C., Borcosi, I., & Balacescu, A. (2025). Enhancing the Learning Experience with AI. Information, 16(5), 410.

[20] Upadhyay, A., Farahmand, E., Muñoz, I., Akber Khan, M., & Witte, N. (2024). Influence of LLMs on learning and teaching in higher education. Available at SSRN 4716855.

[21] Zdravkova, K., & Ilijoski, B. (2025). The impact of large language models on computer science student writing. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 22(1), 32.

[22] Kulaksız, G. C. (2024). Artificial intelligence-based language modelling: The effect of ChatGPT application on writing skills in the context of teaching English as a foreign language.

[23] Naderi, E. V. (2025). Intelligent Tutoring Systems In The Age Of Llm-Based Agentic Frameworks-Adapting Small On-Device Language Models For Fact-Checking And Student Compliance Detection.

[24] Masalaci, Z. S. (2024). Exploring the Impact of Large Language Models on Conceptual Learning in Higher Education: An Analysis of AI-Driven Conversational Tools (ChatGPT) (Master's thesis, NTNU).

[25] Neumann, A. T., Yin, Y., Sowe, S., Decker, S., & Jarke, M. (2024). An llm-driven chatbot in higher education for databases and information systems. IEEE Transactions on Education.

[26] Lang, Q., Wang, M., Yin, M., Liang, S., & Song, W. (2025). Transforming education with generative AI (GAI): Key insights and future prospects. IEEE Transactions on Learning Technologies.

[27] Liu, D., Huang, R., Chen, Y., Adarkwah, M. A., Zhang, X., Li, X., ... & Da, T. (2024). Using Educational Robots to Enhance Learning. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore. https://link. springer. com/10.1007/978-981-97-5826-5.

[28] Hegazy, H. M. (2024). A Linguistically Developed Prompt Engineering Parameters Model for Enhancing AI’s Generation of Customized ESL Reading Texts* Dr. Hebatollah MM Hegazy. Faculty of Education Journal Alexandria University, 34(3), 501-566.

[29] Mohamed Nassar, H. (2025). Comparing the Quality of AI-generated and Instructor Feedback in a University Writing Program.

[30] Amos, J. P., Amodu, O. A., Mahmood, R. A. R., Abdulqudus, A. B., Zakaria, A. F., Iyanda, A. R., ... & Hanapi, Z. M. (2025). A bibliometric exposition and review on leveraging LLMs for Programming Education. IEEE Access.

Downloads

Published

30-10-2025

Issue

Section

Articles

How to Cite

Mai, N. T., Cao, W., & Fang, Q. (2025). A study on how LLMs (e.g. GPT-4, chatbots) are being integrated to support tutoring, essay feedback and content generation. Journal of Computing and Electronic Information Management, 18(3), 43-52. https://doi.org/10.54097/6r6yhn67